Course Number: 0132
Credit Hours: 1
Title: Foundations of Contemporary Mathematics

Course Description:
This course is intended for NonSTEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) majors who are also taking MATH 1332. Topics include fractions, sets, logic and number sense in support of the MATH 1332 curriculum. This course is not applicable toward any degree. Co-requisite: MATH 1332

Course Number: 0214
Credit Hours: 2
Title: Foundations of College Algebra

Course Description:
This course will provide the necessary review and foundation of topics in college algebra necessary for successful completion of MATH 1314. topics include graphing, functions and solving equations. Prerequisite: TSI score of 336 or higher. Students who are registered for MATH 1314 and MATH 0214 are not allowed to drop these courses due to the state's TSI compliance requirements. Corequisite: Students in this course must be concurrently enrolled in MATH 1314

Course Number: 0224
Credit Hours: 2
Title: Foundations of Business Math

Course Description:
This course will provide the necessary review and foundation of topics in algebra and business topics for successful completion of MATH 1324. Topics include linear, quadratic and polynomial functions. Prerequisite: A TSI score of 310 or higher, or an ABE score of 4 or higher. Students who are registered for MATH 1324 and MATH 0224 are not allowed to drop these courses due to the state's TSI compliance requirements.

Course Number: 0242
Credit Hours: 2
Title: Foundations of Statistical Methods

Course Description:
This course will provide the necessary review and foundation of topics in data analysis and statistics necessary for successful completion of MATH 1342. topics include graphical representations of data, slope and linear equations, fractions, probability and support for computer skills. Prerequisite: A TSI score of 310 or higher or an ABE score of 4 or higher. Students who are registered for MATH 1342 and MATH 0242 are not allowed to drop these courses due to the state's TSI compliance requirements. Corequisite - Students in this course must be concurrently enrolled in MATH 1342

Course Number: 0270
Credit Hours: 2
Title: Special Topics in Foundations of Mathematics

Course Description:
Topics in foundations of mathematics to suit the needs of individual students. This course is not applicable toward any degree. It may be taken as a co-requisite of MATH 1342, MATH 1314 or other first-year mathematics courses as deemed appropriate by the Director of First-Year Mathematics Experience. Prerequisites: A passing grade in MATH 0370, CRMA 0370, CRMA 0371, or a TSI score of 340 or higher, or consent of the Director of First-Year Mathematics Experience.

Course Number: 0370
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Foundations in College Mathematics

Course Description:
This course will provide the necessary review and foundation in topics in foundations of basic mathematics and algebra skills necessary to prepare students for co-requisite course entry into first-year mathematics courses. Topics include whole numbers, integers, fractions, decimals, ratios and proportions, percent, and introductory algebra topics. This course is not applicable toward any degree. Prerequisite: TSI of 336 or higher, or consent of department

Course Number: 0372
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Foundations in Precalculus

Course Description:
This course will provide the necessary review and foundations of topics in algebra necessary for successful completion of MATH 2311. Topics include solving linear and quadradic equations, functions and functional notation, as well as other topics for just-in-time review for MATH 2311. Corequisite: This course requires concurrent enrollment with MATH 2311 This course is not applicable toward any degree.

Course Number: 1314
Credit Hours: 3
Title: College Algebra(Non-Calculus)

Course Description:
Study and applications of polynomial, rational, radical, exponential and logarithmic functions, and systems of equations. Prerequisites: 350 Math TSI or TSI Exempt/Complete Prepares for: MATH 1316, 1342, 1350, 3312 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer Note: This course DOES NOT prepare students to advance to the calculus sequence.

Course Number: 1316
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Trigonometry

Course Description:
Study of trigonometric functions, graphs, identities, inverse trigonometric functions, trigonometric equations, and applications of trigonometry. Recommended for students who have not had high school trigonometry. Prerequisites: MRS 750 or C or better in MATH 1314 or 1414 or equivalent Prepares for: MATH 2310, 3313 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 1324
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Mathematics for Business and Social Sciences

Course Description:
The application of common algebraic functions, including polynomial, exponential, logarithmic and rational, to business, economics and the social sciences are addressed. The applications include mathematics of finance, including simple and compound interest and annuities; systems of linear equations; matrices; linear programming and probability, including simple value. Prerequisites: TSI complete or TSI exempt. Students with a TSI score of 336 or higher, or with a S in MATH 0370 may take this course with co-requisite course MATH 0224. Students who are registered for MATH 1324 and MATH 0224 are not allowed to drop these courses due to the state's TSI compliance requirements.

Course Number: 1325
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Calculus for Business Apps

Course Description:
An introduction to calculus. The derivative, applications of the derivative, techniques of differentiation, exponential and natural logarithmic functions, an introduction to integral calculus. Prerequisites: C or better in MATH 1314, or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 2305 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 1332
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Contemporary Mathematics I

Course Description:
This course is intended for non-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) majors. topics include introductory treatments of sets and logic, financial mathematics, probability and statistics with appropriate applications. Number sense, proportional reasoning, estimation, technology and communication should be embedded throughout the course. Additional topics may be covered. Prerequisites: 350 Math TSI, TSI Complete, or TSI Exempt. Students with a TSI score or 310 or higher, or an ABE score of 4 or more may register for MATH 1332 if they also register for MATH 0132 as a co-requisite course.

Course Number: 1333
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Contemporary Mathematics II

Course Description:
Intended for nonSTEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) majors. Topics include number systens, graph theory and voting theory. Additional topics may be covered. Prerequisite: MATH 1332 with a mimimum grade of D

Course Number: 1342
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Statistics

Course Description:
Collection, Analysis, presentation and integration of data and probability. Analysis includes descriptive statistics, correlation and regression, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. Use of appropriate technology is recommended. Prerequisites: 350 Math TSI or TSI Exempt/Complete. this course can also be taken alogn with MATH 0242 or MATH 0270 as a co-requisite course if the student has a TSI Math score of 310 or higher or an ABE score of 4 or greater.

Course Number: 1350
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Fundamentals of Math for Elementary School Teachers

Course Description:
Concepts of sets, functions, numeration systems, number theory and properties of the natural numbers, integers, rational, and real number systems, with an emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 1314 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 3313 Offered: Fall, Spring Please note: Enrollment for this course is restricted to Interdisciplinary Studies majors only.

Course Number: 2310
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Mathematical Modeling I

Course Description:
This course is specifically designed for students who will become teachers in grades 4-8. Students will examine characteristics of situations to select or create math models in algebra, geometry, and trigonometry using real world situations. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 1314 or its equivalent Offered: Spring

Course Number: 2311
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Precalculus I

Course Description:
In-depth study and applications of polynomial, rational, radical, exponential and logarithmic functions, and systems of equations. Prerequisites: 350 Math TSI, TSI Complete, or TSI Exempt. Prepares for: MATH 1316, 1325, 1342, 2312, 2376, 3312, 3313. Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.

Course Number: 2312
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Pre Calculus and Elementary Functions

Course Description:
Intensive review of algebra, trigonometry and analytic geometry. Prerequisites: MRS 700 or C or better in MATH 2311. Prepares for: MATH 2376, 2413, 2460 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 2318
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Linear Algebra

Course Description:
This course introduces and provides models for application of the concepts of vector algebra. Topics include finite dimensional vector spaces and their geometric significance; representing and solving systems of linear equations using multiple methods, including Gaussian elimination and matrix inversion; matrices; determinants; linear transformations; quadradic forms, eigenvalues and eigenvectors; and applications in science and engineering. Prerequisite: MATH 2413 with a minimum grade of C

Course Number: 2413
Credit Hours: 4
Title: Calculus & Analytical Geom I

Course Description:
Functions, limits, derivatives of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions, curve sketching, related rates, maximum and minimum problems, definite and indefinite integrals with applications. Prerequisites: MRS 800 or C or better in MATH 2312 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 2305, 2318, 2414 with a minimum grade of C in each Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 2414
Credit Hours: 4
Title: Calculus and Analytical Geometry II

Course Description:
Methods of integration, polar co-ordinates, parametric equations, sequences and series, and vectors. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2413 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 2415, 3301, 3321, 3322, 3370 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 2415
Credit Hours: 4
Title: Calculus III

Course Description:
This course covers advanced topics in calculus, including vectors and vector-valued functions, partial differentiation, Lagrange multipliers, multiple integrals and Jacobian's application of the line integral, including Green's theorem, the Divergence theorem and Stokes' Theorem. Prerequisite: MATH 2414 with a minimum grade of C Prepares for: MATH 4302, 4310 Offered: Fall, Spring

Course Number: 2460
Credit Hours: 4
Title: Honors Calculus & Analytic Geo

Course Description:
Generally covers same topics as MATH 2413. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2312 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 2414 Offered: Other

Course Number: 3300
Credit Hours: 3
Title: History of Mathematics

Course Description:
Historical origin and development of mathematical concepts through the sixteenth century. Topics include Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, Greek mathematics, and early European mathematics. Prerequisites: Junior standing and grade of C or better in six hours of mathematics Offered: Spring

Course Number: 3301
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Ordinary Differential Equations

Course Description:
First order equations: modeling and population dynamics, stability, existence and uniqueness theorem for nonlinear equations, Euler's method. Second order equations: nonlinear equations via reductions methods, variation of parameters, forced mechanical vibrations, resonance and beat. Laplace Transform: general forcing functions, the convolution integral. Systems of ODEs: eigenvalues and phase plane analysis. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2414 or its equivalent; Pre- or Co-requisite: Grade of C or better in MATH 2318 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 4302, 4315 Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer

Course Number: 3311
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Foundations of Mathematics I

Course Description:
Introduction to mathematical logic and the language and nature of proofs. Applications to sets, mathematical induction, relations and functions. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in nine semester hours of mathematics Prepares for: MATH 3315 Offered: Other

Course Number: 3312
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Probability Statistics and Statistical Modeling

Course Description:
Includes principles and applications of probability and statistics with an emphasis on using real-world data collected, organizes, and analyzed by the students. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 1314 or its equivalent Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer PLEASE NOTE: Enrollment in this course is restricted to Interdisciplinary Studies majors.

Course Number: 3313
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Elementary Geometry

Course Description:
The development of Euclidean geometry, introduction to proofs, concepts of measurement and co-ordinate geometry. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 1350 or MATH 1316 or its equivalent. Prepares for: MATH 3316 Offered: Fall, Spring PLEASE NOTE: Registration for this course will be restricted to Interdisciplinary Studies majors only

Course Number: 3316
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Calculus Concept & Modeling II

Course Description:
This course is specifically designed for students who will become teachers in grades 4-8. It includes principles and conceptual foundations of calculus and applications to middle-school mathematics. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 3313 or its equivalent Offered: Fall

Course Number: 3321
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Discrete Structures

Course Description:
Combinatorics, graphs, Boolean algebra, algebraic structures, coding theory, finite state machines, machine design and computability. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2318 and MATH 2414 with a minimum grade of C in each and satisfactory completion of COSC requirement. Offered: Other

Course Number: 3322
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Intro to Advanced Mathematics

Course Description:
An introduction to logic and methods of proof with applications to basic set operations, relations, functions, cardinality, and the real number system. Prerequisites: MATH 2414 or MATH 3311 with a minimum grade of C

Course Number: 3350
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Modern Algebra - Groups

Course Description:
An introduction to abstract algebraic structures concentrating mainly in group theory. Topics in group theory include cyclic groups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homo-morphisms, isomorphisms, permutation groups, the Sylow theorems, and the structure theorem for finite abelian groups. Prerequisite: MATH 3322 with a minimum grade of C Offered: Fall

Course Number: 3351
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Modern Algebra - Rings

Course Description:
An introduction to abstract algebraic structures concentrating mainly on rings and fields. Topics include communicative rings, rings with unity, integral domains, subrings, ideals, quotient rings, principal ideal domains, unique factorization domains and fields. Prerequisite: MATH 3322 with a minimum grade of C Offered in Spring

Course Number: 3370
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Intro Theory Statistical Infer

Course Description:
A calculus-based introduction to statistics, probability, special probability distributions, nature of statistical methods, sampling theory, estimation, testing hypotheses. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2414 or its equivalent Prepares for: MATH 4380 Offered: Fall, Spring

Course Number: 4131
Credit Hours: 1
Title: Special Problems

Course Description:
Special advanced problems in mathematics to suit the needs of individual students. Prerequisites: Consent of Instructor Offered: Other

Course Number: 4302
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Partial Differential Equations

Course Description:
Boundary value problems with simple geometries in 1, 2, or 3 space dimensions for the heat equation, wave equation, and potential (Laplace) equation, separation of variables, Fourier Series, Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and Helmholts equation, Rayleigh Quotient, introduction to finite difference methods. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2415 and MATH 3301 or their equivalents Offered: Other

Course Number: 4307
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Problem Solving

Course Description:
Study of heuristics and strategies used in solving problems, with extensive practice in solving word problems involving skills in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and logic. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in nine semester hours of mathematics Offered: Fall

Course Number: 4310
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Complex Variables

Course Description:
Complex numbers, analytic functions, complex line integrals, Cauchy integral formula and applications. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2415 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 4313
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis

Course Description:
Simple linear regression, theory of least squares, multivariate analysis, theory of the general linear model, application to real life data, modeling, and interpretation of computer-generated graphical and numerical results in regression analysis. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 4315
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Numerical Analysis

Course Description:
Algorithms for solving linear and non-linear equations and systems thereof, interpolating polynomials, finite difference approximations of derivatives, techniques of numerical integration, one-step and multi-step methods for solving ordinary differential equations and systems thereof. Prerequisites: MATH 2318 and MATH 3301 with a minimum grade of C in each Prepares for: MATH 4316 Offered: Other

Course Number: 4318
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Appl Linear Algebra/Matrix Thy

Course Description:
Matrix factorization, canonical forms, orthogonality, matrix norms, projectors, least squares, generalized inverses, singular values. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2318 and 3301 or their equivalents Offered: Other

Course Number: 4319
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Introduction to Design and Analysis of Experiments

Course Description:
Basic statistical concepts, analysis of variance, randomized blocks, Latin-squares, general factorial designs, 2k and 3k designs, modeling and analysis using MINITAB or SPSS. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 4321
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Topics in Secondary Math

Course Description:
Introduction to essential topics for pre-service 4-12 mathematics educators. Topics include quantitative reasoning, algebraic thinking, geometry, spatial reasoning, measurement, precalculus, mathematics models, and AP Calculus and Statistics. Prerequisites: Completion of all other mathematics content courses Offered: Fall

Course Number: 4325
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Analysis I

Course Description:
The real number system, Completeness Axiom, metric spaces, sequences, compactness, continuity, differentiation, Intermediate Value Theorem, Extreme Value Theorem, the Riemann integral, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 3322 or permission of instructor Offered: Fall

Course Number: 4326
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Analysis II

Course Description:
Stieltjes integral, convergence, uniform convergence, sequences and series of functions, bounded variation, the Implicit Function Theorem. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 4325 Offered: Other

Course Number: 4330
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Advanced Linear Algebra

Course Description:
Vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, determinants, eigenvalues, eigevectors, canonical forms, bi-linear mappings and quadratic forms. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 2318 and MATH 3322 or their equivalents Offered: Other

Course Number: 4331
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Special Problems

Course Description:
Special advanced problems in mathematics to suit the needs of individual students. Prerequisites: Consent of Instructor Offered: Other

Course Number: 4340
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Topology

Course Description:
An introduction to point set topology, including metrizability, compactness, embeddings, Urysohn's lemma, and homotopy. Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in MATH 4325 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 4351
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Combinatorics

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results in combinatronics such as counting techniques, biomial coefficients, partitions and recurrence relations. Prerequisites: MATH 3322 or MATH 3311 with a minimum grade of C in each

Course Number: 4361
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Combinatorial Design Theory

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results in design theory, including pairwise balanced designs, graph decompositions, and latin squares. Prerequisites: MATH 3322 or MATH 3311 with a minimum grade of C in each

Course Number: 4371
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Graph Theory

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results in graph theory, appealing to mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers. Prerequisites: MATH 3322 or MATH 3311 with a minimum grade of C in either

Course Number: 4380
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Theory Statistical Inference

Course Description:
A formal introduction to statistical inference, sampling theory, general principles of statistical inference, goodness of fit tests, regression and correlation, analysis of variance. Prerequisites: MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 5300
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Regression Analysis

Course Description:
Review of simple linear regression analysis, theory of least squares, multiple regression models in matrix terms, multivariate analysis, and theory of the general linear model. Prerequisite: MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 5308
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Ordinary Differential Equation

Course Description:
Systems of linear differential equations, autonomous systems, stability, sensitivity, existence and uniqueness theorems, Fourier series, boundary value problems, derivation of selected numerical methods such as Runge-Kutta and multi-steps methods. Prerequisites: MATH 3301, 4325 or permission of instructor

Course Number: 5310
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Real Variables

Course Description:
Analytical functions, pathological functions, set functions, Riemann integral, measure theory, Lebesgue integral, Riemann-Stieltjes and Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and Mathematics 4325 Offered: Other

Course Number: 5312
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Complex Variables

Course Description:
Conformal mapping and analytic continuation, calculus of residues, and applications. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and Mathematics 4310 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 5315
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Numerical Analysis

Course Description:
Algorithms for solving linear and non-linear equations and systems thereof. Interpolating polynomials, finite difference approximations of derivatives, techniques of numerical integration. One-step and multi-step methods for solving ordinary differential equations and systems thereof. Prerequisite: MATH 2415 with a minimum grade of C and COSC 1336 with a minimum grade of D Offered: Other

Course Number: 5319
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Design of Experiments

Course Description:
Experimental design and analysis of experiments are developed as tools of the manufacturing and process industries. Analysis of variance, randomized blocks, Latin-squares design, general factorial design, 2k and 3k design are treated in detail. Prerequisite: MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 5320
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Modern Algebra

Course Description:
Groups, rings and the theory of fields. The theory of fields includes the study of subfields, prime fields, algebraic fields extensions and Galois fields. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and Mathematics 3350 or 3351 with a minimum grade of C

Course Number: 5325
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Partial Differential Equations

Course Description:
Boundary value problems with simple geometries in 1,2, or 3 space dimensions for the heat equation, wave equation, and potential (Laplace) equation, separation of variables, Fourier Series, Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and Helmholts equation, Rayleigh Quotient, introduction to finite difference methods. Prerequisite: Grade of C or better in MATH 3301, and graduate standing or permission of instructor Offered: Other

Course Number: 5328
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Appl Linear Algebra/Matrix Thy

Course Description:
Matrix factorizations, canonical forms, orthogonality, matrix norms, projectors, least squares, generalized inverses, singular values. Prerequisites: MATH 2318 and MATH 3301 with a minimum grade of C in each Offered: Fall

Course Number: 5330
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Linear Algebra II

Course Description:
Vector-spaces, linear transformations, matrices, determinants, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, canonical forms, bi-linear mappings and quadratic forms. Prerequisite: MATH 2318 and MATH 2414 with a minimum grade of C in each Offered: Other

Course Number: 5331
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Special Topics

Course Description:
Advanced topics in mathematics to suit the needs of individual students. Course may be repeated for a maximum of six semester hours credit when the topic varies. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and consent of instructor Offered: Other

Course Number: 5340
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Topology

Course Description:
Topological spaces, metric spaces, compact spaces, embedding, Urysohn's lemma and homotopy. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and Mathematics 4325 Offered: Other

Course Number: 5351
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Combinatorics

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results in combinatorics such as counting techniques, binomial coefficients, partition and reference relations. Prerequisites: MATH 3322 or MATH 3311 with a minimum grade of C in either

Course Number: 5361
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Combinatorial Design theory

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results in design theory, including airwise balanced designs, graph decompositions, and latin squares. Prerequisite: MATH 3322 or 3311 with a minimum grade of C

Course Number: 5371
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Graph Theory

Course Description:
This course introduces fundamental concepts and results of graph theory, appealing to mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers. Prerequisite: MATH 3322 or 3311 with a minimum grade of C

Course Number: 5380
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Statistical Inference

Course Description:
Theories of point estimation, interval estimation and hypothesis testing, regression analysis, analysis of variance. Prerequisite: MATH 3370 or its equivalent Offered: Other

Course Number: 5390
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Thesis

Course Description:
Prerequisite: Approval of graduate advisor. Must complete both for required 6 credits. Offered: Other

Course Number: 5391
Credit Hours: 3
Title: Thesis

Course Description:
Prerequisite: Approval of graduate advisor. Must complete both for required 6 credits. Offered: Other